Abstract: Pension insurance and personal income tax are both important policy tools to adjust income distribution, and the personal income tax policy of pension insurance can act on the policy effects of the two at the same time, thus affecting income distribution. This paper focuses on the personal income tax policy of pension insurance, systematically expounds its mechanism and influence path of adjusting income distribution, and comprehensively examines the main characteristics and existing issues of China's current personal income tax policies for pension insurance. The study further uses data from the China Household Income Project(CHIP) in 2013 and 2018 to simulate the income redistribution effect of taxing the payment phase of basic pension insurance. The study finds that personal income tax policy for pension insurance can regulate income distribution by introducing differentiated designs in three phases: contribution, accumulation, and payment. However, China's current policy of exempting all phases of basic pension insurance from taxation, while applying deferred taxation to annuities and individual pension accounts, may lead to shrink of the tax base of personal income tax, unbalanced tax burden with annuity and personal pension, and failure to adjust the income inequality of pension, which is not conducive to narrowing the income gap. Introducing reasonable taxation mechanisms in the payment phase of basic pension insurance can directly reduce the Gini coefficient of disposable income, and the rational use of new tax revenue is also conducive to the further optimization of the income distribution pattern. Based on these findings, this paper suggests that, against the background of intensifying population aging, China should attach importance to the regulatory role of the personal income tax policy for pension insurance in income distribution, and timely levy reasonable taxes on the basic pension insurance, so as to better optimize the tax system and promote the fairness of income distribution.

Key words: Pension Insurance, Personal Income Tax, Income Distribution, Population Aging

摘要： 养老保险与个人所得税均是调节收入分配的重要政策工具,养老保险的个人所得税政策可同时作用于二者的政策效应,进而对收入分配产生影响。本文聚焦养老保险的个人所得税政策,系统阐述其调节收入分配的作用机理与影响路径,在此基础上分析我国养老保险的个人所得税政策现状及改进方向,并使用中国家庭收入调查2013年和2018年的收入数据,模拟测算在我国基本养老保险领取环节征税对收入分配的影响。得到以下研究发现:养老保险的个人所得税政策可通过缴费、积累和领取三个环节的政策设计对收入分配进行调节;我国基本养老保险全环节免税的政策存在缩小个人所得税税基、税负不平衡、难以对养老金的收入不平等进行调节等不利于缩小收入差距的问题;在基本养老保险领取环节引入合理征税机制不仅可以直接降低可支配收入的基尼系数,而且还可以合理使用新增税收收入实现收入分配格局的进一步优化。基于上述发现,本文认为,在人口老龄化加剧的背景下,我国应重视养老保险个人所得税政策对收入分配的调节作用,适时在基本养老保险领取环节进行合理征税,以更好地优化税制和促进收入分配公平。

关键词: 养老保险, 个人所得税, 收入分配, 人口老龄化